References that can be viewed or downloaded will have a blue link in their title. When you click on the link the document will appear in a new window, or you will be redirected to an external website where the reference may be viewed or purchased. Note that a subscription or registration may be required to view some documents (e.g., compendial chapters). Recently added references are identified with: New!

Jump to the Following Reference Categories: Regulatory Guidance, Compendial Guidance, Validation Strategies, Applications, Alternative and Rapid Technologies, Quality and General Overviews, Economics and Return on Investment, and Books and Book Chapters.

Please click here to submit a new reference.

2022. Annex 1: Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products. European Commission. The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union Volume 4 EU Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use, EudraLex, European Union: Brusselles, Belgium.

2020. Food and Drug Administration. Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Gene Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

2018. EudraLex. The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union. Volume 4. GMP. Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practice Specific to Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products.

2017. Miller, M.J. The Regulatory Acceptance of Rapid Microbiological Methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 22(3): 55-58.

2016. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: Comparability Protocols - Protein Drug Products and Biological Products, Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Information. Revision 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

2012. EMA. Questions and Answers on Post Approval Change Management Protocols. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). European Medicines Agency. EMA/CHMP/CVMP/QWP/586330/2010.

2012. Federal Register. Food and Drug Administration. Amendments to Sterility Test Requirements for Biological Products Final Rule . 21 CFR Parts 600, 610, and 680 [Docket No. FDA–2011–N–0080]. 77(86): 26162-26175.

2012. Miller, M.J. Rapid Micro Methods and EMA’s Post Approval Change Management Protocol. European Pharmaceutical Review. 17(2): 65-67.

2011. Riley, B. A Regulators View of Rapid Microbiology Methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(5): 59-61.

2011. Food and Drug Administration. Advancing Regulatory Science at FDA. A Strategic Plan. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

2011. Federal Register. Food and Drug Administration. Amendments to Sterility Test Requirements for Biological Products. Proposed Rule. 21 CFR Parts 600, 610, and 680 [Docket No. FDA–2011–N–0080]. 76(119): 36019-36027.

2010. Miller, M.J. Microbiology Series. Article 4: The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods (EMA Perspectives). European Pharmaceutical Review. 15(4): 17-19.

2010. Miller, M.J. Microbiology Series. Article 3: The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods (FDA Perspectives). European Pharmaceutical Review. 15(3): 18-21.

2010. EMA. Post-Authorisation Procedural Advice Human Medicinal Products. Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP). European Medicines Agency. EMEA-H-19984/03 Rev 16.

2009. ICH. Q8: Pharmaceutical Development. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline, Q8 (R2), Current Step 4 version.

2008. ICH. Q10: Pharmaceutical Quality System. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline, Q10, Current Step 4 version.

2008. Food and Drug Administration. Draft Guidance for Industry. Validation of Growth-Based Rapid Microbiological Methods for Sterility Testing of Cellular and Gene Therapy Products. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

2008. European Commission. EU guidelines to good manufacturing practice, Annex 1. Manufacture of sterile medicinal products. EudraLex, European Union: Brusselles, Belgium.

2008. Moldenhauer, J. A case for regulatory guidelines for verifying automated microbiological methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 11(5): 36-43.

2005. ICH. Q9: Quality Risk Management. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline, Q9, Current Step 4 version.

2005. EMA. Quality of medicines Q&A: Part 2. Water - Microbiological Control of Water. Joint CHMP/CVMP Quality Working Party, European Medicines Agency.

2005. Miller, M.J. Rapid Microbiological Methods and FDA's Initiatives for Process Analytical Technology and Pharmaceutical cGMPs for the 21st Century: A Risk Based-Approach. American Pharmaceutical Review. 8(1): 104-107.

2005. Moldenhauer, J. Rapid microbiological methods and the PAT initiative. BioPharm International.

2004. Food and Drug Administration. Final report for pharmaceutical cGMPs for the 21st Century - A risk-based approach. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

2004. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: PAT - A framework for innovative pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

2004. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: Sterile drug products produced by aseptic processing -Current good manufacturing practice. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland.

New! European Pharmacopoeia. Examples of Validation Protocols of the Alternative Microbiological Methods According to Chapter 5.1.6 "Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality.” European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), Strasbourg, France. (must register to access this document)

2020. Cundell, T. Transition to Modern Microbiological Methods in the Pharmaceutical Industry. American Pharmaceutical Review. 23(7): 10-15.

USP Pharmacopeial Forum 44(5). General Information Chapter <1071>. Rapid Microbial Tests for Release of Sterile Short-Life Products: A Risk-Based Approach. must have subscription to the pharmacopoeia)

USP Pharmacopeial Forum 43(5). Stimuli to the Revision Process. The Development of Compendial Rapid Sterility Tests. (must register to access this document)

USP. General Information Chapter <1223>. Validation of alternative microbiological methods. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland. (must have subscription to the pharmacopoeia)

European Pharmacopoeia. Chapter 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), Strasbourg, France. (must have subscription to the pharmacopoeia)

European Pharmacopoeia. Chapter 2.6.27. Microbiological Examination of Cell-Based Preparations. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), Strasbourg, France. (must have subscription to the pharmacopoeia)

New! 2023. Duong, H.; et. al. Design, Development, and Validation of a Culture-Independent Nucleic Acid Diagnostics Method for the Rapid Detection and Quantification of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex in Water with an Equivalence to ISO/TS 12869:2019. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 77 (4): 296-310.

New! 2023. Deutschmann, S., et al. Rapid Sterility Test Systems in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Applying a Structured Approach to their Evaluation, Validation and Global Implementation. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 77(3): 211-235.

New! 2022. Deutschmann, S., et al. A Systematic Approach for the Evaluation, Validation, and Implementation of Automated Colony Counting Systems. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 76(6): 509-526.

New! 2021. Prada-Ramírez, H.A.; et. al. Performance Equivalence and Validation of a Rapid Microbiological Method for Detection and Quantification of Yeast and Mold in an Antacid Oral Suspension. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 77 (4): 268-280.

2017. Miller, M.J. A Comprehensive Review of the Revised European Pharmacopoeia Chapter 5.1.6. Part 1. European Pharmaceutical Review. 22(5): 20-24.

2017. Miller, M.J. A Comprehensive Review of the Revised European Pharmacopoeia Chapter 5.1.6. Part 2. European Pharmaceutical Review. 22(6): 27-30.

2016. Miller, M.J., van den Heuvel, E.R., Roesti, D. The Role of Statistical Analysis in Validating Rapid Microbiological Methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 21(6): 46-53.

2015. Miller, M.J. A Fresh Look at USP <1223> Validation of Alternative Microbiological Methods and How the Revised Chapter Compares with PDA TR33 and the Proposed Revision to Ph. Eur. 5.1.6. American Pharmaceutical Review. 18(5): 22-35.

2015. Miller, M.J. Rapid Methods Update: Revisions to a United States Pharmacopeia Chapter. European Pharmaceutical Review. 20(4): 38-43.

2015. IJzerman-Boon PC, van den Heuvel ER. Validation of qualitative microbiological methods. Pharmaceutical Statistics. 44(2):120-128.

2015. Murphy T, Schwedock J, Nguyen K, Mills A, Jones D. Evaluation of PDA Technical Report No 33. Statistical Testing Recommendations for a Rapid Microbiological Method Case Study. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 69(4):526-39.

2013. PDA. Technical Report No. 33 (Revised 2013). Evaluation, Validation and Implementation of Alternative and Rapid Microbiological Methods. Parenteral Drug Association, Bethesda, Maryland.

2010. Miller, M.J. Microbiology Series. Article 2: The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods (Validation Strategies). European Pharmaceutical Review. 15(2): 24-26.

2010. Duguid, J. Top Ten Validation Considerations When Implementing a Rapid Mycoplasma Test. American Pharmaceutical Review. 13(4): 26-31.

2010. Miller, M.J. Developing a validation strategy for rapid microbiological methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 13(3): 28-33.

2010. Miller, M.J.; Moldenhauer, J. Revision of Technical Report #33. American Pharmaceutical Review. 13(1): 86-91.

2008. Newby, P. Implementation, validation and registration of rapid microbiological methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 13(3): 67-73.

2007. Green, S. Industry strategy case study E: How to select, validate, and implement a rapid microbiology method and get it approved - A true story. American Pharmaceutical Review. 10(5): 102-107.

2005. Sutton, S. Validation of Alternative Microbiology Methods for Product Testing: Quantitative and Qualitative Assays. Pharmaceutical Technology. 29(4): 118-122.

2005. Newby, P. Implementation, validation and registration. European Pharmaceutical Review. 10(2): 92-95.

2004. Newby, P.J. Implementation, validation and registration of rapid microbiological methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 7(4): 10-15.

New! 2023. Mohammadi, M.; Bauer, A.; Roesti, D.; Anders, H. A Rapid Sterility Method Using Solid Phase Cytometry for Cell-Based Preparations and Culture Media and Buffers. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 77(6): 498-513.

New! 2023. Salvas, J.; et. al. Understanding the Non-Equivalency of Bio-Fluorescent Particle Counts versus the Colony-Forming Unit. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 77(6): 514-518.

New! 2023. Guest, M.; Pickard, B.; Smith, B.; Drinkwater, S. The Use of Amplified ATP Bioluminescence for Rapid Sterility Testing of Drug Product Formulations. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 77 (5): 402-411.

New! 2023. Duong, H.; et. al. Design, Development, and Validation of a Culture-Independent Nucleic Acid Diagnostics Method for the Rapid Detection and Quantification of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex in Water with an Equivalence to ISO/TS 12869:2019. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 77(4): 296-310.

New! 2023. Scott, A., et al. Challenges Encountered in the Implementation of Bio-Fluorescent Particle Counting Systems as a Routine Microbial Monitoring Tool. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 77(1): 2-9.

New! 2021. Dufour, G.; Lebel, K.; Bellemare, J.; Iugovaz, I. Identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex by PCR: A simple way. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology.

2020. Cundell, A.M., Singer, D., Ford, I., Drummond, S., Reber, D. Risk Assessment Approach to Microbiological Controls of Cellular Therapies. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 74(2): 229-248.

2018. Montenegro-Alvarado, J. Leveraging Rapid Microbiological Methodology in Forensic Evaluation to Identify Elusive Root Cause. American Pharmaceutical Review. 21(5): 26-31.

New! 2018. Spaeth, S.; Tran, Q.; Liu, Z. Evaluation of an ATP-Bioluminescence Rapid Microbial Screening Method for In-Process Biologics. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 72(6): 574-583.

2018. Jimenez, L., Jashari, T., Vasquez, J., Zapata, S., Bochis, J., Kulko, M., Ellman, V., Gardner, M., Choe, T. Real-Time PCR Detection of Burkholderia cepacia in Pharmaceutical Products Contaminated with Low Levels of Bacterial Contamination. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 72(1): 73-80.

2018. Pinto, A., Pincus, L., Jimenez, L., Peca, S., Perez, S. Real-time PCR Detection of S. aureus in Pharmaceutical Products. European Pharmaceutical Review. 23(6): 28-30.

2017. Miller, M.J. The Role of Rapid Microbiological Methods in Aseptic Processing, in Aseptic and Sterile Processing, Control, Compliance and Future Trends. Edited by Tim Sandle and Edward C. Tidswell. PDA and DHI Publishing, LLC.

New! 2016. Attia, M.A.; Ali, A.E.; Essam, T.M.; Amin, M.A. Direct Detection of Burkholderia cepacia in Susceptible Pharmaceutical Products Using Semi-Nested PCR. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 70 (2): 99-108.

2015. Sandle, T. Towards a Rapid Sterility Test? Microbial & Biochemical Technology. 7(4): 216-217.

2015. Friedman, E.M.; Warner, M.; Shum, S.C.; Adair, F. In-Process Microbial Testing: Statistical Properties of a Rapid Alternative to Compendial Enumeration Methods. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 69(2): 264-269.

2015. Sandle, T.; Leavy, C.; Rhodes, R. Assessing Airborne Contamination Using a Novel Rapid Microbiological Method. European Journal of Parenteral & Pharmaceutical Science. 19(4): 131-142.

2014. Irie, K.; Scott, A.; Hasegawa, N. Investigation of the Detection Ability of an Intrinsic Fluorescence-Based Bioaerosol Detection System for Heat-Stressed Bacteria. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 68(5): 478-493.

2014. Sandle, T. Approaching the Selection of Rapid Microbiological Methods. Journal of Validation Technology. 20(2): 1-10.

2014. Sandle, T. Applying spectrophotometric monitoring to risk assessments in biopharmaceutical cleanrooms. Clean Air and Containment Review. 20: 22-25.

2014. Ragheb, S.M.; Jimenez, L. Polymerase Chain Reaction/Rapid Methods Are Gaining a Foothold in Developing Countries. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 68(3): 239-255.

2014. Eaton, T.; Wardle, C.; Whyte, W. Use of a Real-Time Microbial Air Sampler for Operational Cleanroom Monitoring. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 68(2): 172-184.

2014. Gurramkonda, C.; Mupparapu, K.; Abouzeid, R.; Kostov, Y.; Rao, G. Fluorescence-Based Method and a Device for Rapid Detection of Microbial Contamination. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 68(2): 164-171.

2014. Sandle, T.; Leavy, C.; Jindal, H.; Rhodes, R. Application of Rapid Microbiological Methods for the Risk Assessment of Controlled Biopharmaceutical Environments. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 116(6): 1495-1505.

New! 2013. McCormick, P.J.; et. al. Evaluation of a Rapid Microbiological Method with a Mixed Culture Biofilm Model. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 67 (5): 512-532.

2013. Cundell, A.; Gordon, O.; Haycocks, N.; Johnston, J.; Luebke, M.; Lewis, N.; Mateffy, J.; Weber, J.W. Novel Concept for Online Water Bioburden Analysis: Key Considerations, Applications, and Business Benefits for Microbiological Risk Reduction. American Pharmaceutical Review. 16(3).

2013. Hiom, S.; Denyer, S.; Talbot, C.; Maillard, J.Y.; Spark, P.; Smith, J. A Preliminary Investigation into the Ability of Three Rapid Microbiological Methods To Detect Microorganisms in Hospital Intravenous Pharmaceuticals. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 67(4): 376-386.

New! 2012. Bhusari, P.K.; Tabor, D.E.; Yamagata, R.; Galinski, M.S. Application of Flow Cytometry for Rapid Bioburden Screening in Vaccine Virus Production. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 66 (5): 445-452.

2012. Ragheb, S.M.; Yassin, A.S.; Amin, M.A. The Application of Uniplex, Duplex, and Multiplex PCR for the Absence of Specified Microorganism Testing of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Drug Products. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 66(4): 307-317.

2012. Jimenez, L.; Rana, N.; Amalraj, J.; Walker, K.; Travers, K. Validation of the BacT/ALERT
3D System for Rapid Sterility Testing of Biopharmaceutical Samples. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 66(1): 38-54.

New! 2011. Dehghani, H.; Lawrence, B.; Ill, R.C.Evaluation of a Single-Platform, Rapid, Nucleic Acid–Based Technology for Detection of Adventitious Contaminants of Cell Culture. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology November 2011, 65 (6): 675-680.

2011. Parveen, S., Kaur, S., Wilson David, S.A., Kenney, J.L., McCormick, W.M., Gupta, R.K. Evaluation of growth based rapid microbiological methods for sterility testing of vaccines and other biological products. Vaccine. 29(45): 8012– 8023.

2011. Miller, M.J. QbD, PAT, and the Future of Microbiology. Environmental monitoring with RMM. Contract Pharma. 13(4): 70-73.

2011. Jimenez, L. Molecular Applications to Pharmaceutical Processes and Cleanroom Environments. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 65(3): 242-253.

2011. Gray, J.C.; Morandell, D.; Gapp, G.; Le Goff, N.; Neuhaus, G.; Staerk, A. Identification of Micro-Organisms after Milliflex Rapid Detection—A Possibility To Identify Nonsterile Findings in the Milliflex Rapid Sterility Test. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 65(1): 42-54.

2011. Gordon, O.; Gray, J.C.; Anders, H.J.; Staerk, A.; Schlaefli, O.; Neuhaus, G. Overview of Rapid Microbiological Methods Evaluated, validated and Implemented for Microbiological Quality Control. European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(2): 9-13.

2010. Sampath, R., Blyn, L.B.; Ecker, D.J. Rapid Molecular Assays for Microbial Contaminant Monitoring in the Bioprocess Industry. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 64(5): 458-464.

2010. Gray, J.C.; Staerk, A.; Berchtold, M.; Mercier, M.; Neuhaus, G.; Wirth, A. Introduction of a Rapid Microbiological Method as an Alternative to the Pharmacopoeial Method for the Sterility Test. American Pharmaceutical Review. 13(6): 88-94.

2010. McIver, D. Using RMM for Environmental Monitoring. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. 9(7): 37-38.

2010. Gray, J.C.; Staerk, A.; Berchtold, M.; Hecker, W.; Neuhaus, G.; Wirth, A. Growth-promoting Properties of Different Solid Nutrient Media Evaluated with Stressed and Unstressed Micro-organisms: Prestudy for the Validation of a Rapid Sterility Test. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 64(3): 249-263.

2010. Denoya, C.; Sessions, D.; Shabushnig, J. A Rapid Microbiological Assay to Monitor the Effectiveness of a Vaccine Injector Sanitization Following a Microbial Challenge Procedure. American Pharmaceutical Review. 13(4): 54-61.

2009. Williams , K.L. The BET as a Backdrop for Establishing PAT and RMM Goals. American Pharmaceutical Review. 12(7): 42-47.

2009. Duguid, J.; Kielpinski, G.; Seymour, B.; du Moulin, G. Risk Assessment for a Rapid Mycoplasma Test Optimized for Cell Therapy Products. American Pharmaceutical Review. 12(6): 100-104.

2009. Bagur, E. Concurrent Evaluation of both Compendial and Rapid Methods (ATP Bioluminescence) for Monitoring Water Quality in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. European Pharmaceutical Review. 14(3): 58-68.

2008. Gressett, G.; Vanhaecke, E.; Moldenhauer, J. Why and how to implement a rapid sterility test. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 62(6): 429-444.

New! 2007. Walzer, A.; et. al.Rapid Diagnostic Method for Quantitative Testing of <100 Microbes in Water. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 61 (5) :411-420.

2007. McDaniel, A. Microbial Detection in Mammalian Cell Culture Systems. American Pharmaceutical Review, 10(1): 24-29.

2007. Anders, H-J.; Keller, M.; berchtold, M.; Hecker, W. Polyphasic approach to microbial identification. American Pharmaceutical Review. 10(6): 46-52.

2006. Moldenhauer, J. Viability-based rapid microbiological methods for sterility testing and the need for identification of contamination. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 60(2): 81-88.

2018. Jones, D., Cundell, T. Method Verification Requirements for an Advanced Imaging System for Microbial Plate Count Enumeration. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 72(2): 199-212.

2017. Gordon, O., Goverde, M., Staerk, A., Roesti, D. Validation of Milliflex® Quantum for Bioburden Testing of Pharmaceutical Products. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 71(3): 206-224.

2012. Jimenez, L.; Rana, N.; Santiago, O.; Amalraj, J.; Walker, K. Rapid Quantitative Endotoxin Analysis of Biopharmaceutical Samples Using a Multi-cartridge System. American Pharmaceutical Review. 15(4): 45-63

2012. Chrzanowski, T.H.; Smith, R.L. Validation of an Amplified-ATP Bioluminescence Method for the Rapid Detection of Contamination in a Betamethasone Suspension. American Pharmaceutical Review. 15(7).

2012. Miller, M.J. Case Study of a New Growth-Based Rapid Microbiological Method (RMM) that Detects the Presence of Specific Organisms and Provides an Estimation of Viable Cell Count. American Pharmaceutical Review. 15(2): 18-25.

2011. Miller, M.J. Detection of Microorganisms Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(6): 7-10.

2011. Miller, M.J. Detection of Microorganisms Using Nucleic Acid and Gene Amplification-Based Rapid Method Technologies. European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(5): 62-65.

2011. Miller, M.J. Detection of Microorganisms Using Optical Spectroscopy-Based Rapid Method Technologies. European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(4): 40-42.

2011. Miller, M.J. Detection of Microorganisms Using Cellular Component-Based Rapid Method Technologies. European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(3): 8-10.

2011. Moldenhauer, J. Proteotypic identification methods - A change in identification methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 14(3): 34-37.

2011. Miller, M.J. Direct Detection of Microorganisms Using Viability-Based Technologies. European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(2): 14-15.

2011. Miller, M.J. Rapid Microbiological Methods 2011 (A Review of Growth-based Technologies). European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(1): 38-41.

2010. Smith, R.; Von Tress, M.; Tubb, C.; Vanhaecke, E. Evaluation of the ScanRDI as a Rapid Alternative to the Pharmacopoeial Sterility Test Method: Comparison of the Limits of Detection. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 64(4): 356-363.

2010. Jimenez, L.; Rana, N.; Travers, K.; Tolomanoska, V.; Walker, K. Evaluation of the Endosafe® Portable Testing System™ for the Rapid Analysis of Biopharmaceutical Samples. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 64(3): 211-221.

2010. London, R.; Schwedock, J.; Sage, A.; Valley, H.; Meadows. J.; Waddinton, M.; Straus, D. An automated system for rapid non-destructive enumeration of growing microbes. PLoS ONE. 5(1): e8609.

2009. Miller, M.J. Evaluation of the BioVigilant IMD-A, a novel optical spectroscopy technology for the continuous and real-time environmental monitoring of viable and nonviable particles, in Environmental Monitoring, Volume 3. Edited by Jeanne Moldenhauer, PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing. 269-288.

2009. Miller, M.J. Real-time environmental monitoring: PAT solutions using rapid microbiological methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 14(4): 40-46.

2009. Miller, M.J.; Lindsay, H.; Valverde-Ventura, R.; O'Connor, M.J. Evaluation of the BioVigilant IMD-A, a novel optical spectroscopy technology for the continuous and real-time environmental monitoring of viable and nonviable particles. Part I: Review of the technology and comparative studies with conventional methods. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 63(3): 244-257.

2009. Miller, M.J.; Walsh, M.R.; Shrake, J.L.; Dukes, R.E.; Hill, D.B. Evaluation of the BioVigilant IMD-A, a novel optical spectroscopy technology for the continuous and real-time environmental monitoring of viable and nonviable particles. Part II: Case studies in environmental monitoring during aseptic filling, intervention assessments and glove integrity testing in manufacturing isolators. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 63(3): 258-282.

2009. Denoya, C.D. Nucleic acid amplification-based rapid microbiological methods: Are these technologies ready for deployment in the pharmaceutical industry? American Pharmaceutical Review. 12(4).

2002. Costanzo, S.; Borazjani, R.; McCormick, P. Validation of the Scan RDI for routine microbiological analysis of process water. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 56(4): 206-219.

1999. Wallner, G.; Tillmann, D.; Haberer, K. Evaluation of the ChemScan system for rapid microbiological analysis of pharmaceutical water. PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 53(2): 70-74.

2020. Sandle, T. Still Moving Forwards: Recent Advances with Rapid Microbiological Methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 24(1): TBD.

2017. Moldenhauer, J. The rush to rapid microbiological methods – or not. European Pharmaceutical Review. 22(2): 10-12.

2016. Sandle, T. Key Criteria for the Selection of Rapid and Alternative Microbiological Methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 19(2): 46-48.

2015. Sandle, T. Advances in Rapid Pathogen Detection. Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation. 2(5): 63.

2015. Sandle, T. Embracing Rapid Microbiology. The Medicine Maker. 12: 18-19.

2014. Denoya, C. Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods: Some Technical Challenges Still Ahead. American Pharmaceutical Review. 17(1): 28-35.

2013. Miller, M.J., Ragheb, S.M. Towards the real application of rapid microbiological methods in developing countries. European Pharmaceutical Review. 18(5): 13-16.

2013. Sandle, T. Automated Microbial Identification: A Comparison of USP and EP Approaches. American Pharmaceutical Review. 16(4): 56-61.

2013. Miller, M.J. The Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods: The new fourth volume discusses technologies, regulatory acceptance and validation case studies. European Pharmaceutical Review. 18(3): 11-13.

2012. Miller, M.J. Framework for Fast Microbiological Assessment. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. 12(3): 39-41.

2012. Miller, M.J. Rapid Micro Methods: New Year, Old Challenges! European Pharmaceutical Review. 17(1): 8-11.

2011. Pan, Y. Challenges and Strategies for the Application of Rapid Microbiological Methods in the Pharmaceutical Industry . European Pharmaceutical Review. 16(5): 66-69.

2011. Duguid, J.; Balkovic, E.; du Moulin, G.C. Rapid Microbiological Methods. Where Are They Now? American Pharmaceutical Review. 14(7): 18-25.

2010. Verdonk, G.P.H.T. ; Willemse, M.J.; Hoefs, S.G.G.; Cremers, G.; van den Heuvel, E.R. The Most Probable Limit of Detection (MPL) for Rapid Microbiological Methods.. J. Microbiological Methods. 82(3): 193-197.

2010. Miller, M.J. The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods, in Microbiology and Sterility Assurance in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices. Edited by Madhu Raju Saghee, Tim Sandle and Edward C. Tidswell. Business Horizons.

2010. Miller, M.J. Microbiology Series. Article 6: The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods (Rapid Methods at the PDA Global Conference on Pharmaceutical Microbiology). European Pharmaceutical Review. 15(6): 27-31.

2010. Miller, M.J. Microbiology Series. Article 5: The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods (Highlights of Published Papers). European Pharmaceutical Review. 15(5): 9-11.

2010. Moldenhauer, J. Use of a Viability Test Method. Does It Mean What You Think? American Pharmaceutical Review. 13(5): 22-29.

2010. Miller, M.J. Microbiology Series. Article 1: The Implementation of Rapid Microbiological Methods (Overview of RMMs). European Pharmaceutical Review. 15(1): 39-41.

2009. Miller, M.J. It's Time to Get Rapid! PDA Letter. 45(4): 1-21.

2009. Miller, M.J. Rapid Microbiological Methods in Support of Aseptic Processing, in Practical Aseptic Processing: Fill and Finish. Edited by Jack Lysfjord, PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing.

2008. Green, S. Microbiology/Microbiologists - Where next? American Pharmaceutical Review. 11(3).

2008. Dalmaso, G. Product real time release for the microbial critical quality attribute using QbD approach. American Pharmaceutical Review. 11(2).

2008. Fleming, W.H. Rapid Microbiology - What is truly possible? American Pharmaceutical Review. 11(7): 34-40.

2008. Middleton, A. Cutting edge technologies and their potential role in pharmaceutical microbiology. American Pharmaceutical Review. 11(1): 58-65.

2008. Miller, M.J. Rapid Microbiological Methods, in Microbiology in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, 2nd Edition. Edited by Richard Prince, PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing.

2007. Johnson R.A. A "PAT" on the back for Rapid Microbiological Methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 12(4): 84-88.

2007. Newby, P. The significance and detection of VBNC microorganisms. American Pharmaceutical Review. 10(4).

2007. Mach, C.J.; Ball, P.R.; Arbizzani, L. The Advent of Rapid Microbiological Methods: Background, Applications, and Validation. Controlled Environments.

2007. Fung, D.Y.C. Rapid methods and automation in microbiology in pharmaceutical samples. American Pharmaceutical Review. 10(2): 82-86.

2007. Middleton, A. Rapid microbiological methods: Are the needs of the pharmaceutical industry really being met? American Pharmaceutical Review. 10(5): 108-113.

2006. Hussong, D.; Mello, R. Alternative Microbiology Methods and Pharmaceutical Quality Control. American Pharmaceutical Review. 9(1): 62-69.

2006. Miller, M.J. Rapid Microbiological Methods for a New Generation. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. 2006; 5(2): 14-23.

2006. Cundell, A.M. Opportunities for Rapid Microbial Methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 9(7): 50-56.

2006. Cundell, A.M. Opportunities for Rapid Microbial Methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 1: 64-70.

2006. Denoya, C.D.; Colgan, S.T.; du Moulin, G.C. Alternative microbiological methods in the pharmaceutical industry: The need for a new microbiology curriculum. American Pharmaceutical Review. 9(6).

2006. Cundell, T. Top Five Challenges Facing Pharmaceutical Microbiologists. American Pharmaceutical Review. 9(4): 30-34.

2004. Riley, B.S. Rapid Microbiology Methods in the Pharmaceutical Industry. American Pharmaceutical Review. 7(2): 28-31.

2004. Newby, P.; Dalmaso, G.; Lonardi, S.; Riley, B.; Cooney, P.; Tyndall, K. The Introduction of Qualitative Rapid Microbiological Methods for Drug-Product Testing. Pharmaceutical Technology. Process Analytical Technology. 6-12.

2009. Miller, M.J. Breaking the rapid microbiological method financial barrier: A case study in RMM return on investment and economic justification. BioPharm International. 22(9): 44-53.

2009. Miller, M.J. Rapid microbiological methods and demonstrating a return on investment: It's easier than you think! American Pharmaceutical Review. 12(5): 42-47.

2009. Gadal, P.; Yvon, P. Rapid Microbio ROI - Calculating scientific benefits as return on investment dollars. Pharmaceutical Formulation & Quality. 11(3): 44-47.

2009. Miller, M.J. Ensuring ROI from your RMM. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. 8(6): 32-35.

2009. Miller, M.J. Quality Risk Management and the Economics of Implementing Rapid Microbiological Methods. European Pharmaceutical Review. 2: 66-73.

2006. Ghandi, M. Efficiency with Rapid Microbiology Methods. American Pharmaceutical Review. 9(5): 16-19.

2017. Miller, M.J. The Role of Rapid Microbiological Methods in Aseptic Processing, in Aseptic and Sterile Processing, Control, Compliance and Future Trends. Edited by Tim Sandle and Edward C. Tidswell. PDA and DHI Publishing, LLC.

2012. Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods, Volume 4. Edited by Michael J. Miller. PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing.

2005. Encyclopedia of Rapid Microbiological Methods, Volumes 1-3. Edited by Michael J. Miller. PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing.

2011. Rapid Sterility Testing. Edited by Jeanne Moldenhauer. PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing.